International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-1)

Film & Audio | Newsletters | Methods | Reprints | Cruise Reports | Papers of Robert G. Snider | References

The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) resulted from a cascade of effects. The International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958 had shown the value of coordinated multinational efforts in ocean science. This realization resulted in the International Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for Science) creating the Special Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, later re-named to Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) to continue to stimulate international cooperation in ocean sciences.  From its first annual meeting at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1957, SCOR identified the Indian Ocean as the greatest unknown in the global ocean and an area that could benefit from an intensive campaign of ocean observations. SCOR envisioned exploration of the Indian Ocean as its first task. The first four SCOR working groups were established to work on methodological issues to prepare for the IIOE, then were combined into SCOR WG 5.  SCOR hired a Coordinator for the IIOE, Robert G. Snider, in 1959, and he continued in this post until the end of 1962, when management of the expedition was transferred to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. The official start date of the project was 1 September 1959 and the official end date was 31 December 1965 (see IIOE Information Paper 6).

Film and Audio Files about the International Indian Ocean Expedition

Several films were made about the International Indian Ocean Expedition. The one that is available online is about the R.V. Anton Bruun and its role in the U.S. Program in Biology, which was primarily carried out using the Bruun. Unedited movies about the work of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Service ship Pioneer are available at ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/video/NOAA_16mm/indian_ocean_expedition/.

Audio recordings

Some oral history files are available in audio form, relating the experiences of the following individuals during IIOE:

• Anthony Laughton
• Norman D. Smith

IOC IIOE Information Papers

• Information Paper No. 1: Exchange of IIOE information and data, Reference Stations, Indian Ocean Biological Center, Symbol and Pennant, Special Customs Facilities and Courtesies
• Information Paper No. 2: Recent actions of IOC, exchange of information and data, Reference Stations, Indian Ocean Biological Center, special customs facilities and courtesies, miscellaneous items, schedules of IIOE vessels, tide stations
• Information Paper No. 3: Recent actions of SCOR, recent activities of IOC, exchange of information, meteorological observations, national IIOE coordinators, national participants, submarine volcanism, RRS Discovery radio and communications and schedule
• Information Paper No. 4: Exchange of information and data, meteorological observations, activity of the Indian Ocean Biological Center, IIOE cruises after 1 January 1963 and tracks, handling of explosives in Indian ports for IIOE vessels, special customs facilities and courtesies, tide gauges in the Indian Ocean, summary of South African cruise reports, update on IIOE ship schedules and tracks.
• Information Paper No. 5: Recent activities of IOC, recent actions of SCOR, exchange of information, revised ship schedules and tracks
• Information Paper No. 6: Meeting of the IIOE Co-ordination Group, IOC Working Group on Data Exchange, Consultative Committee for IOBC, exchange of information, meteorological observations, updated research cruise tracks
• Information Paper No. 7: Report of the 2nd Meeting of the Consultative Committee for I.O.B.C.
• Information Paper No. 8: Exchange of information, exchange of data, meteorological observations, publications, list of IIOE cruises
• Information Paper No. 9: Third Session of IOC (reports of Ad Hoc WG on General Problems of the IIOE Coordination, Ad Hoc Working Group on the Fisheries Aspects of the IIOE, exchange of data and information), recent activities of SCOR (summary report of SCOR WG 11 on Atlases), exchange of data and information, meteorology program, Indian Ocean Biological Centre, tide gauges in the Indian Ocean, status of Indian Ocean fisheries by country, IIOE data received by World Data Center A
• Information Paper No. 10: Actions required by National Coordinators, exchange of data and information, meteorology program, observations at SCOR-UNESCO Reference Stations, Indian Ocean Biological Centre, special custom facilities and courtesies, oceanographic cruises to the Antarctic in the Indian Ocean since 1959, subject index of Information Papers Nos. 1-10
• Information Paper No. 11: Recent activities of the IOC, recent activities of SCOR, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council of FAO, exchange of information, meteorology, cruise tracks, taxonomic specialists in Japan and the UK
• Information Paper No. 12: Reports of important meetings, exchange of data and information, observations at SCOR-UNESCO Reference Stations, 2nd meeting of the International Coordinating Group for the IIOE, list of taxonomic specialists from South Africa
• Information Paper No. 13: Third Meeting of the Consultative Committee of I.O.B.C, National Newsletter-India, exchange of data and information, meteorological programme, list of marine biologists from Pakistan, coming meetings of interest, recent publications, list of cruises
• Information Paper No. 14: IOC Bureau and Consultative Council, SCOR Executive Committee, 2nd meeting of the International Coordination Group, third meeting of the Consultative Committee of the IOBC, national newsletters and reports, exchange of data and information, observations at Reference Stations, meteorology program, national coordinators, list of benthic biology specialists, new publications
• Information Paper No. 15: Exchange of information and data: Indian Ocean Biological Centre, symposia and meetings, recent publications, distribution of plankton samples in the international collection
• Information Paper No. 16: Recent action by IOC, India’s national newsletter, data received by the WDC-A, exchange of information, meteorological program, contents of Reprints of the IIOE (Volume III), summary of IIOE cruise reports
• Information Paper No. 17: Recent action taken by IOC, Indian Ocean Biological Centre, FAO Fisheries Data Centre, exchange of data, recent publications of IIOE of limited distribution, summary of IIOE cruise reports (corrections), closure of IIOE ship operations, geophysical studies off the west coast of India, 4th meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee, IIOE data received by WDC-A, IIOE mean sea level data
• Information Paper No. 18: Action taken by IOC, recent action taken by SCOR, fourth meeting of ACMRR, Indian Ocean Biological Centre, national newsletter for India, exchange of data and reports, preparation of IIOE atlases, IIOE National Coordinators, subject index of IIOE Information Papers Nos. 1-18
• Information Paper No. 19: Appraisal of the IIOE larval fish collection at the IOBC, An assessment of copepods in the International Collection of the IOBC
• Information Paper No. 20: IIOE Geological/Geophysical Atlas, IIOE Physical/Oceanographical Atlas
• Information Paper No. 21: Report on the planktonic stages of decapod crustacea in the collections of the IOBC, studies of fish eggs and larvae in the collections of the IOBC
• Information Paper No. 22: Report of 6th Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee
• Information Paper No. 23: Report of the 7th Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee

Circular Letters to National SCOR Committees

8 August 1961

National Newsletters from the International Indian Ocean Expedition

The following are national IIOE newsletters that are available in electronic format.

Country	Program	Month/Year	Volume/Number
India		June 1963	Volume 1, Issue 1
India		Sept. 1963	Volume 1, Issue 2
India		Dec. 1963	Volume 1, Issue 3
India		March 1964	Volume 1, Issue 4
India		June 1964	Volume 2, Issue 1
India		Sept. 1964	Volume 2, Issue 2
India		Dec. 1964	Volume 2, Issue 3
India		March 1965	Volume 2, Issue 4
India		June 1965	Volume 3, Issue 1
India		Sept. 1965	Volume 3, Issue 2
India		Dec. 1965	Volume 3, Issue 3
India		March 1966	Volume 3, Issue 4
India		June 1966	Volume 4, Issue 1
India		Sept. 1966	Volume 4, Issue 2, Part 1
India		Sept. 1966	Volume 4, Issue 2, Part 2
India		Dec. 1966	Volume 4, Issue 3
India		March 1967	Volume 4, Issue 4
Japan		August 1962	Number 1
Japan		Nov. 1962	Number 2
Japan		March 1963	Number 3
Japan		Dec. 1963	Number 4
United Kingdom		May 1963	Nos. 1 and 2
United Kingdom		Sept. 1963	No. 3
United Kingdom		Jan. 1964	No. 4
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Jan. 1963	No. 1 News Bulletin for Participants
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	July 1963	No. 2 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 1
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Jan. 1964	No. 3 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 2
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Feb. 1964	No. 4 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 3
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Mar. 1964	No. 5 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 4A
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Apr. 1964	No. 6 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 4B
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Oct. 1964	No. 7 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 5
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Dec. 1964	No. 8 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 6
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Jan. 1965	No. 9 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 7
United States	U.S. Program in Biology	Feb. 1965	No. 10 News Bulletin. Narrative Report. Anton Bruun Cruise 8
United States			Indian Ocean Bubble No. 1
United States			Indian Ocean Bubble No. 2
United States			Indian Ocean Bubble No. 3
United States			Indian Ocean Bubble No. 4
United States			Indian Ocean Bubble No. 5

Intercalibrations and Standardized Methods

Several intercalibration exercises were conducted to improve the ability to compare the results from different cruises.  The first intercalibrations, on nutrient chemistry and primary production, were held in Hawaii starting on 3 September 1961.  Dr. B.H. Ketchum (Woods Hole) led the nutrient intercalibration exercise and Prof. M.S. Doty (Univ. of Hawaii) led the primary production intercalibration. Other participants are shown on this circular.

Indian Ocean Standard Net:

• Barnes, H., and D.J. Tranter. 1965. A statistical examination of the catches, numbers, and biomass taken by three commonly used plankton nets. Aust. J. mar. Freshw. Res. 16:293-306.
• Currie, R.I. 1963. The Indian Ocean Standard Net. Deep-Sea Research 10:27-32.
• Tranter, D.J. 1963. A comparison of zooplankton biomass determinations by Indian Ocean standard net, Juday net, and Clarke-Bumpus sampler. Nature 198:1179-1180.

Phytoplankton Methods Intercalibrations:

• Planning Correspondence for Intercalibration in Hawaii
• Doty, M.S. 1961. Results from Honolulu Intercalibration Exercise.
• Doty, M.S. 1962. An analysis of data on primary productivity obtained at the time of simultaneous methodological work by scientists of various countries in the region of the Hawaiian islands. Okeanologiya 2:543-553
• Doty, M.S. undated. SCOR Primary Productivity Intercalibration Session off Perth, Western Australia, August 3-7, 1962
• Tranter, D.J. 1963. SCOR-UNESCO Zooplankton Intercalibration Tests. Results of 1st Series, RS Vityaz, August 2-9, 1962.
• Doty, M.S., H.R. Jitts, O.J. Koblentz-Mishke, and Y Saijo. 1965. Intercalibration of marine plankton primary production techniques. Limnology and Oceanography 10:282-286. (15 Oct. 1963 draft of paper)
• 25 Sept. 1961 Letter from Harry Jitts to George Humphrey

Intercalibration Exercises:

Correspondence about Perth Intercalibration Activities

Zooplankton Nets: August 1962 at SCOR-UNESCO Reference Station #1 (32°S, 111°50’E) aboard the Vitiaz.

Plankton Primary Productivity Techniques: 3-7 August 1962 off Fremantle, Western Australia aboard the Vitiaz.

Australian publicity about intercalibration experiment 

Reports on Standardization and Intercalibration of Oceanographic Techniques and Methods. UNESCO/NS/9/89 J, 31 December 1963

• Introduction
• Index
• Preface
• Summary
• Report on Intecalibration fo Pigment Methods at Honolulu 1961 – G.F. Humphrey
• Analysis of the productivity data from the September, Honolulu, intercalibration trials – Maxwell S. Doty
• Rapport sur les tests d’intercalibration des methodes de travail en mer du Spencer F. Baird, du H.M.A.S. Gascoyn et de L’Orsom III – Henri Rotschi
• Report on SCOR-UNESCO Intercalibration Tests Carried Out on Vityaz 2-8 August 1962 in Connexion with Primary Production Investigations in the Indian Ocean – Maxwell S. Doty
• Information on the Symposium on Intercomparison of Methods for Hydrochemical Analyses – A.N. Bogoyavlenski
• Recommended Procedures
  1. Measurement of Incident Solar Radiation
  2. Measurement of Solar Radiation in the Sea
  3. Measurement of Phytoplankton Pigments
  4. Collection and Enumeration of Phytoplankton Standing Stock
  5. Measurement of Primary Production Using the C-14 Method
  6. Measuring the Amount of Zooplankton Biomass
• Report of SCOR Working Group III on the Questionnaire Regarding Plankton Nets in Use in Various Laboratories – P. Foxton

Reference Stations

• 15 September 1961 Circular Letter from George Humphrey to National SCOR Committees
• 26 September 1961 Letter from Robert Fisher to Columbus Iselin
• 13 October 1961 Letter from John Knauss to Columbus Iselin
• 3 January 1962 Letter from N.K. Panikkar to George Humphrey
• 8 January 1962 Letter from George Humphrey to George Hemmen
• 18 January 1962 Letter from George Humphrey to Richard Vetter
• 13 February 1962 Letter from Robert Fisher to George Humphrey
• 11 May 1962 Letter from George Humphrey to Warren Wooster
• 22 June 1962 Circular Memo from IOC
• 26 July 1962 Letter from UK Royal Society Executive Secretary to G. Bohnecke
• 29 April 1963 Letter from George Humphrey to Warren Wooster
• 21 May 1096 Letter from Warren Wooster to George Humphrey
• 29 May 1963 Letter from George Humphrey to Warren Wooster
• Australian procedures at Reference Stations

Experimental Tropical Oceanic Station

• Correspondence related to proposal for Experimental Tropical Oceanic Station (ETOS)

Subgroups Contributing to the International Indian Ocean Expedition

Work related to the IIOE was conducted by several different groups devoted to different topics and activities, including the following

Meteorology

The IIOE had a substantial program of meteorology, supported by ships and aircraft.  One of the activities in meteorology was the establishment of an International Meteorology Centre in Bombay.  This was funded by the UN Special Fund. The draft proposal to the UN Special Fund and some draft correspondence related to the proposal can be found here. Prof. C.S. Ramage (Univ. of Hawaii) was appointed to coordinate the meteorological aspects of the project. Ramage convened a meeting of meteorologists in Bombay on 18-20 July 1961.

Biology

The biological program had several different elements.  At the core was wide-scale sampling with the Indian Ocean Standard Net, developed for the expedition.  This net was used to take vertical samples in a specified way, to provide a standard sampling protocol that could be compared basin-wide. Biological samples of all types were eventually sent to a Biology Center that was developed in Cochin, India.  Another component of the biological investigations was a set of two land-based research camps, at Mandapam Camp, India and Nose Be, Madagascar. The United States funded a major biology program as part of IIOE.

Indian Ocean Biological Center

A meeting was held in Cochin and Delhi on 14-17 August 1961 to discuss the sampling program for zooplankton and the proposal for a biological center (see agenda). A proposal for the center resulted from the meeting.

• undated: Circular memo from George Humphrey to National SCOR Committees
• 24 October 1960: Report of David Keck (NSF) on location of IIOE Biology Center
• 21 December 1960: Letter from Dixie Lee Ray to Paul Fye regarding appointing John Ryther to lead U.S. Biology Program
• 28 June 1961: Letter from John McGowan to Richard Vetter
• 21 November 1961: Letter from Warren Wooster to David Keck
• 22 November 1961: Circular memo from George Humphrey to National SCOR Committees
• 6 December 1961: Letters from Scripps and WHOI regarding cooperation with International Biological Center
• 3 August 1962: Circular letter from Warren Wooster (IOC) to national IIOE committees
• 7 March 1963: Report of First Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee. Notes from I.E. Wallen
• March 1964: Report of the 2nd Meeting of the Consultative Committee for I.O.B.C.
• 3 April 1965: Final Report of Vagn Hansen, Curator
• 31 May 1965: Distribution of samples at the IOBC
• 3 June 1965: Report of Third Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee
• 1966: Paper by V.K. Hansen. 1966. The Indian Ocean Biological Centre: The centre for sorting plankton samples of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Deep-Sea Research 13:229-234.
• July 1966: Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the Consultative Committee
• Feb.-Mar. 1967: Fifth Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee
• 22 Feb.-3 Mar. 1968: Sixth Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee
• 24 Feb.-1 Mar. 1969: Seventh Meeting of the IOBC Consultative Committee
• 1970: News report of annual IOBC Meeting
• 1972: Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections–Volume III, Proceedings on the Workshop on Plankton Methods
• 1973: Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections–Volume V, Papers on the Zooplankton Collections of the IIOE

Reprints from the International Indian Ocean Expedition

UNESCO re-reprinted scientific papers that resulted from the IIOE, in an 8-volume set, available through the following links. Many thanks are due to IOC staff who scanned and collated these volumes.

• Collected Reprints: Index (1972)
• Collected Reprints: Volume I (1965)
• Collected Reprints: Volume II (1966)
• Collected Reprints: Volume III (1966)
• Collected Reprints: Volume IV (1967)
• Collected Reprints: Volume V (1968)
• Collected Reprints: Volume VI (1969)
• Collected Reprints: Volume VII (1971)
• Collected Reprints: Volume VIII (1972)

An Excel spreadsheet of the reprints is available here. There are 659 reprints listed in this collection, although 3 are duplicates, so the actual number of unique reprints of abstracts is 656:

• Numbers 104 and 400 are identical
• Numbers 118 and 613 are identical
• Numbers 240 and 334 are identical

Cruise Reports from the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)

The following are cruise reports that are available in electronic format.  All cruise reports made available to the SCOR Secretariat will be linked here.

Country	Ship	Year	Cruise
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1959	Dm 2/59
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1960	Dm 1/60
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1960	Dm 2/60
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1960	Dm 3/60
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1961	Dm 1/61
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1961	Dm 2/61
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1961	G2/61
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1961	Dm 3/61
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1962	Dm 1/62
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1962	Dm 2/62
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1962	G2 and G3/62
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1962	G4/62
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1962	Dm 3/62
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1962	Dm 4/62
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1963	G1/63
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1963	G2/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1963	Dm 1/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1963	Dm 2/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1963	Dm 3/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1963	Dm 4/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1963	Dm 5/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1963	Dm 6/63
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1964	Dm 1/64
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1964	G2/64
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1964	Dm 2/64
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1964	Dm 3/64
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1964	Dm 4/64
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1964	Dm 5/64
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1964	G5/64
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1965	G2/65
Australia	HMAS Gascoyne	1965	G5/65
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1965	Dm 1/65
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1965	Dm 2/65
Australia	HMAS Diamantina	1965	Dm 3/65
Japan	Umitaka-Maru   Koyo-Maru   Kagoshima-Maru Oshoro-Maru	1962-1963 1963-1964 1962-1963 1963-1964 1963-1964 1963-1964	Records of the Oceanographic Works of Japan
South Africa	Africana II	1961	Africana II Cruise 251
United Kingdom	HMS Owen	1962	Indian Ocean Survey Programme
United Kingdom	RRS Discovery	1963	Cruise 1
United Kingdom	RRS Discovery	1963	Cruise 2
United Kingdom	RRS Discovery	1964	Cruise 3
United States	R/V Argo and Horizon	1960-1963	Lusiad and Monsoon
United States	R/V Argo	1964	Dodo
United States	R/V Atlantis II	1963	Cruise 8: Preliminary Cruise Report Bird Log Data
United States	R/V Atlantis II	1965	Cruise 15: Experimental VLF Relative Navigation; Data on the distribution of stable isotopes and amino acids in Indian Ocean sediments
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1963	Cruise A Equipment and Supplies Appendix Instruction Manual for Routine Measurements
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1963	Cruise 1: Volume 1 and Volume 2
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1963	Cruise 2
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1963	Cruise 3
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1963	Cruises 4A and 4B
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1963	Cruise 5
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1964	Cruise 6
United States	R/V Anton Bruun	1964	Cruises 7-9: Volume 1 and Volume 2
United States	USS Chain	1964	Cruise 43: Cruise Plans; Track Charts, Bathymetry, and Location of Observations; Narrative of Cruise
United States	C&GS Ship Pioneer	1964	Shipboard Journals of Dr. Harris B. Stewart
United States	Te Vega	1963	Cruise 2
United States	Te Vega	1964	Cruise 3
United States	Te Vega	1964	Cruise 4
United States	Te Vega	1964	Cruise 5 Bradbury et al. (1971) Pearse et al. (2016)
United States	Aircraft Mission	1964	Turbulence and Turbulent Fluxes Over the Indian Ocean
USSR	R/V Vityaz		Cruise 31 (in Russian)
USSR	R/V Vityaz		Cruise 33 (in Russian)
USSR	R/V Vityaz		Cruise 35 (in Russian)
USSR	R/V Vityaz		Cruise 36 (in Russian)

Papers of Robert G. Snider from the International Indian Ocean Expedition

• The Collected Papers of Robert G. Snider in Relation to the First Years of the International Indian Ocean Expedition

1959

• Map of Pre-1961 Cruises
• Map of Planned Post-1961 Cruises

1960

1960 was a busy year for Robert G. Snider. He made his first trip to the Indian Ocean region in February and March (31 January to 25 March), as well as visits to countries outside the region who were likely participants in the IIOE. Snider’s itinerary was as follows:

• Japan (3-6 February)
• Singapore (7-8 February)
• Indonesia (9-10 February)
• Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (12-16 February)
• India (16-22 February and 25 February-2 March)
• Pakistan (22-24 February)
• USSR (2-6 March)
• West Germany (7-8 March)
• United Kingdom (8-16 March)
• The Netherlands (16-17 March)
• Switzerland (17 March)
• Portugal (17-19 March)
• France (19-25 March)

The trip notes presented here were obtained from the archives of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

For each country visited, Snider made a detailed list of individuals with whom he visited: List of Contacts Made During January-March trip. In each country visited in the region, Snider had a standard procedure.  He had pre-arranged to meet with heads of the relevant government agencies, national SCOR committees, the U.S. Embassy in the country, and representatives of national and international charitable foundations. He made sure that all his key contacts had a copy of the Prospectus for the IIOE.  Snider emphasized a basic set of requests.  He asked that the country set up new tide and wave gauges.

• Snider, R.G. 1960. The Indian Ocean (A Preliminary Prospectus). Proceedings of the Fourth Pan Indian Ocean Science Congress, Section F, Oceanography, Geography, and Geophysics. Pan Indian Ocean Science Association, Karachi, Pakistan.
• Snider, R.G. 1960.  Report to SCOR Annual Meeting in Helsinki, 23 July 1960
• Deacon, G.E.R. 1960. Report of Meeting of the Indian Ocean Working Group at Copenhagen, July 16-17, 1960
• Oct. 24 Letters from Robert Snider

1961

Snider revisited Southeast Asia and South Asia in early 1961.  He arrived in Sydney, Australia on 29 January.  This trip involved visits to Australia, Indonesia, Malaya, and Ceylon. The trip report may be incomplete…

• Snider, R.G. 1961.The International Indian Ocean Expedition. Discovery (March 1961):114-117.
• Snider, R.G. 1961. Current Status of Planning in the International Indian Ocean Expedition – 6 January 1961
  1. Meteorology
  2. Tide Gauges
• Snider, R.G. 1961. Planning Progress for the Indian Ocean Expedition – 15 March 1961
• Snider, R.G. 1961. Part I – General Comments on Current Status – 31 March 1961
  1. Part II – Tide Gauges
  2. Part III – Meteorology
• Meteorology Planning Meeting (Plenary Session I) – 18 July 1961
• Meteorological Planning Meeting (Plenary Session II) – 19 July 1961
• Meteorological Planning Meeting (Plenary Session III) – 20 July 1961
• Ramanathan, K.R. n.d. Meteorological Planning Meeting and Summary of Memorandum of Request to UN Special Fund for Assistance Towards the Meteorological Research Programme for the Indian Ocean Area
• Meteorological Planning Committee. List of Resolutions and Recommendations. no date
• General Summary of the Met. Telecommunications Requirements of the IMC Bombay. no date
• Snider, R.G. 1961. Coordinator’s Report. 24 October 1961 – Note: there is no page 2 in the original; it is not clear whether there is a page missing or page 3 is misnumbered.

1962

• 1962 Cover Letter
• Brief Summary: Status of Participation in IIOE as of 4 April 1962
• Summary of Ship’s Programs (Alphabetically by Country) – 1 April 1962
  1. Appendix A – By Areas
  2. Appendix B – By Disciplines
  3. Appendix C – By Month
• Summary of IIOE Status in Memo from Robert Snider to Warren Wooster – 31 May 1962
• Summary of Southwest Indian Ocean Coordinating Meeting, 30 April to 2 May 1962 – 12 September 1962
• Brief Summary of Developments as of 15 September 1962
• Work Charts – This document includes the legends for a series of charts that are not present in the files.  Also included are cover letters and a distribution list that shows who the charts were sent to.
• 5 June 1962: Note from Richard Vetter to G.D. Meid
• 8 June 1962: Letter from Linn Hoover to Robert Snider
• 19 June 1962: Letter from Robert Snider to Linn Hoover
• 22 June 1962: Letter from Robert Snider to Richard Vetter
• 25 June 1962: Letter from Warren Wooster to Richard Vetter
• 6 July 1962: Letter from Richard Vetter to Linn Hoover
• 11 July 1962: Letter from Warren Wooster to Robert Snider
• 16 October 1962: Letter of thanks from George Humphrey (SCOR President) to U.S. National Academy of Sciences
• 5 November 1962: Letter from Robert Snider to A.S. MacLennan (ICSU)
• 19 November 1962: Letter of thanks from National Academy of Sciences Committee on Oceanography to Snider

General References to the International Indian Ocean Expedition

• Aleem, A.A., and S.A. Morcos. 1984.  John Murray/MABAHISS expedition versus the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) in retrospect. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 31:583-588.
• Bailey, R. 1964. The International Indian Ocean Expedition. The Ibis. 106(1):140-141.
• Behrman, D. 1981. Assault on the Largest Unknown. UNESCO Press, Paris.
• Bezrukov, P.L. 1963. Vityaz’s studies under the programme of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Vestnik of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. No. 8, pp. 97-104. tt, R.Vov
• Bradbury, M.G., D.P. Abbott, R.V. Bovbjerg, R.N. Mariscal, W.C. Fielding, R.T. Barber, V.B. Pearse, S.J. Proctor, J.C. Ogden, J.P. Wourms, L.R. Taylor, Jr., J.G. Christofferson, J.P. Christofferson, R.M. McPhearson, M.J. Wynne, and P.M. Stromberg, Jr. 1971. Studies on the fauna associated with the deep scattering layers in the equatorial Indian Ocean, conducted on R/V Te Vega during October and November 1964. G.B. Farquar (ed.), Proceedings of an International Symposium on Biological Sound Scattering in the Ocean. Maury Center for Ocean Science Report 005.
• Bruce, A.J. 1971. Pontoniinid Shrimps from the Ninth Cruise of R/V Anton Bruun, IIOE, 1964: I. Palaemonella Dana and Periclimenes Costa. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Number 82.
• Bunce, E.T., M.G. Langseth, R.L. Chase, and M. Ewing. 1967. Structure of the Western Somali Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 72(10):2547-2555.
• Currie, R.I. 1961. Interogovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Nature 192:1015-1016.
• Currie, R.I. 1963. The Indian Ocean Standard Net. Deep-Sea Research 10:27-32.
• Currie, R. 1966. Some reflections on the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 4:69-78.
• Deacon, G.E.R. 1964. International Indian Ocean Expedition. Nature 201:561-562.
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